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In a government-controlled referendum on October 23, 1955, Diem deposed Bao Dai and proclaimed himself president of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).

In April 1956, French forces completed their military withdrawal from the south, ending nearly a century of French colonial military presence in Vietnam.

The last French troops evacuated Haiphong, ending French military presence in the north.

In 1961, the U.S. began counterinsurgency training of ARVN forces, and Kennedy authorized the use of chemical defoliants (Agent Orange), foreshadowing Operation Ranch Hand.

In 1955, nearly one million people migrated from north to south under the Geneva Accords' regroupment provisions.

In 1955, nearly one million people migrated from north to south under the Geneva Accords' regroupment provisions.

In 1955, nearly one million people migrated from north to south under the Geneva Accords' regroupment provisions.

In July 1955, Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem, with U.S. backing, announced that the State of Vietnam would not participate in the 1956 reunification elections.

In 1955, nearly one million people migrated from north to south under the Geneva Accords' regroupment provisions.

In a government-controlled referendum on October 23, 1955, Diem deposed Bao Dai and proclaimed himself president of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).

In 1955, nearly one million people migrated from north to south under the Geneva Accords' regroupment provisions.

The last French troops evacuated Haiphong, ending French military presence in the north.

In a government-controlled referendum on October 23, 1955, Diem deposed Bao Dai and proclaimed himself president of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).

The last French troops evacuated Haiphong, ending French military presence in the north.

In 1955, nearly one million people migrated from north to south under the Geneva Accords' regroupment provisions.

In 1955, nearly one million people migrated from north to south under the Geneva Accords' regroupment provisions.

In a government-controlled referendum on October 23, 1955, Diem deposed Bao Dai and proclaimed himself president of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).

In April 1956, French forces completed their military withdrawal from the south, ending nearly a century of French colonial military presence in Vietnam.

The last French troops evacuated Haiphong, ending French military presence in the north.

The last French troops evacuated Haiphong, ending French military presence in the north.

In April 1956, French forces completed their military withdrawal from the south, ending nearly a century of French colonial military presence in Vietnam.

The last French troops evacuated Haiphong, ending French military presence in the north.

In July 1955, Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem, with U.S. backing, announced that the State of Vietnam would not participate in the 1956 reunification elections.

In 1961, the U.S. began counterinsurgency training of ARVN forces, and Kennedy authorized the use of chemical defoliants (Agent Orange), foreshadowing Operation Ranch Hand.