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In 1961, the U.S. began counterinsurgency training of ARVN forces, and Kennedy authorized the use of chemical defoliants (Agent Orange), foreshadowing Operation Ranch Hand.

Radio Hanoi announced the founding of the National Liberation Front.

Radio Hanoi announced the founding of the National Liberation Front.

The NLF steadily expanded its political and military network across the southern countryside.

Radio Hanoi announced the founding of the National Liberation Front.

In 1961, the U.S. began counterinsurgency training of ARVN forces, and Kennedy authorized the use of chemical defoliants (Agent Orange), foreshadowing Operation Ranch Hand.

The NLF steadily expanded its political and military network across the southern countryside.

Radio Hanoi announced the founding of the National Liberation Front.