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The NLF steadily expanded its political and military network across the southern countryside.

Radio Hanoi announced the founding of the National Liberation Front.

In 1961, the U.S. began counterinsurgency training of ARVN forces, and Kennedy authorized the use of chemical defoliants (Agent Orange), foreshadowing Operation Ranch Hand.

In 1961, the U.S. began counterinsurgency training of ARVN forces, and Kennedy authorized the use of chemical defoliants (Agent Orange), foreshadowing Operation Ranch Hand.

In 1961, U.S. President Kennedy sharply expanded the American advisory presence in South Vietnam, from under 700 advisers in early 1961 to about 3,000 by year's end.

The NLF steadily expanded its political and military network across the southern countryside.

In 1961, the U.S. began counterinsurgency training of ARVN forces, and Kennedy authorized the use of chemical defoliants (Agent Orange), foreshadowing Operation Ranch Hand.

The NLF steadily expanded its political and military network across the southern countryside.

Radio Hanoi announced the founding of the National Liberation Front.

Radio Hanoi announced the founding of the National Liberation Front.

The NLF steadily expanded its political and military network across the southern countryside.

In 1961, U.S. President Kennedy sharply expanded the American advisory presence in South Vietnam, from under 700 advisers in early 1961 to about 3,000 by year's end.

In 1961, U.S. President Kennedy sharply expanded the American advisory presence in South Vietnam, from under 700 advisers in early 1961 to about 3,000 by year's end.

The NLF steadily expanded its political and military network across the southern countryside.

The United States continued to finance most of the budget of the South Vietnamese government, deepening the South's dependence on Washington.

In North Vietnam, the DRV pushed forward with the collectivization of agriculture as part of building a socialist economy.

In North Vietnam, the DRV pushed forward with the collectivization of agriculture as part of building a socialist economy.

The United States continued to finance most of the budget of the South Vietnamese government, deepening the South's dependence on Washington.

Through 1958, opposition to the Diem government in the South intensified, with growing armed resistance in the countryside.

The United States continued to finance most of the budget of the South Vietnamese government, deepening the South's dependence on Washington.

The United States continued to finance most of the budget of the South Vietnamese government, deepening the South's dependence on Washington.

Through 1958, opposition to the Diem government in the South intensified, with growing armed resistance in the countryside.

The United States continued to finance most of the budget of the South Vietnamese government, deepening the South's dependence on Washington.

In North Vietnam, the DRV pushed forward with the collectivization of agriculture as part of building a socialist economy.