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In 1961, U.S. President Kennedy sharply expanded the American advisory presence in South Vietnam, from under 700 advisers in early 1961 to about 3,000 by year's end.

In July 1955, Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem, with U.S. backing, announced that the State of Vietnam would not participate in the 1956 reunification elections.

In 1955, nearly one million people migrated from north to south under the Geneva Accords' regroupment provisions.